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Resources

Guidelines and Literature

Opioid Treatment Guidelines:
http://download.journals.elsevierhealth.com/pdfs/journals/1526-5900/PIIS1526590008008316.pdf

Universal Precautions in Pain Medicine: A Rational Approach to the Treatment of Chronic Pain:
http://www.doctordeluca.com/Library/Pain/UniversalPrecautionsForCP05.pdf

Pain and Addiction: Managing Risk Through Comprehensive Care:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18956526

Risk Assessment and Management Tools:

Opioid Risk Tool (ORT)

*Patient Form:
http://www.emergingsolutionsinpain.com/images/toolkit/assessment/ort/ort_patient_form.pdf

*Clinician Form:
http://www.emergingsolutionsinpain.com/images/toolkit/assessment/ort/ort_clinical_form.pdf

SOAPP:
http://www.painedu.org/soapp.asp

Sample Treatment Agreements:

AAPM Agreements:

*Consent for Chronic Opioid Therapy:
http://www.painmed.org/pdf/opioid_consent_form.pdf

*Long-term Controlled Substances Therapy for Chronic Pain:
http://www.painmed.org/pdf/controlled_substances_sample_agrmt.pdf

Program References:

References from the Mission: Pain Management at the American Academy of Family Medicine (2012)

Arnstein, P. M. (2003).  Comprehensive assessment and management of chronic pain. Nursing Clinics of North Americ., 38 :403-417. 

Beckman HB, Markakis KM, Suchman AL, Frankel RM. The doctor-patient relationship and malpractice. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154: 1365-1370.

Caudill, MA. Managing Pain Before It Manages You, 3rd edition. 2009, New York.  Guilford Press.

Di Blasi ZD, Harkness E, Ernst E, Georgiou A, Kleijnen J. Influence of context effects on health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet. 2001; 357: 757-762.

Dworkin RH, Turk  DC, Wyrwich KW, et al.  (2008) Interpreting the Clinical Importance of Treatment Outcomes in Chronic Pain Clinical Trials: IMMPACT Recommendations. The Journal of Pain, 9 (2): 105-121.

Fullen BM, Doody C, Baxter D, et al. Chronic low back pain: non-clinical factors impacting on management by Irish doctors. Ir J Med Sci. 2008;177(3):257-263.

Gallagher R. Multiple opioids in pain management. Can Fam Physician. 2007;53(12):2119-2120.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA. Universal Precautions Revisited: Managing the Inherited Pain Patient. Pain Medicine. 2009;10(S2):S115-S123.

Hawker, G. A., Mian, S., Kendzerska, T. and French, M. (2011), Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP). Arthritis Care & Research, 63: S240–S252. doi: 10.1002/acr.20543.

Katz WA. Opioids for nonmalignant pain. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008;34:387-413.

Lin C-T, Albertson GA, Schilling LM, et al. Is patients’ perception of time spent with the physician a determinant of ambulatory patient satisfaction? Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1437-1442.

Laerum E, Indahl A, Skouen J. What is “the good back consultation?” A combined qualitative and quantitative study of chronic low back pain patients’ interaction with and perceptions of consultations with specialists. J Rehabil Med. 2006;38:255-262.

McCarberg B, Stanos S. Key patient assessment tools and treatment strategies for pain management. Pain Practice. 2008;8(6):423-432.

McCracken LM, Vowles KE, Eccleston C. Acceptance of chronic pain: component analysis and a revised assessment method. Pain. 2004;107(1):159-166.

Napeñas JJ, Nussbaum. Patients’ satisfaction after a comprehensive assessment for complex chronic facial pain at a specialized unit: results from a prospective audit. Br Dent J. 2011;211(12):E24. doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.1054.

Noble M, Treadwell JR, Tregear SJ, Coates VH, Wiffen PJ, Akafomo C, Schoelles KM. (2010) Long-term opioid management for chronic noncancer pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. 2010;1 (#CD006605) (R).

The Revised Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire. Available at: http://gsa.buffalo.edu/DPT/ROQ.pdf   Accessed January 12, 2012.

Stewart M. Effective physician-patient communication and health outcomes: a review. Can Med Assoc J. 1995; 152: 1423 - 1433.

Turk DC, Dworkin RH, Revicki D, et al.  (2008). Identifying important outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: An IMMPACT survey of people with pain.  Pain. 137 276–285.

Wilson JF. Strategies to stop abuse of prescribed opioid drugs. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:897-900.

References from the Mission: Pain Management at the American Academy of Pain Medicine (2012)

Panel 1: Mission: Prepare
Arnstein PM. Comprehensive analysis and management of chronic pain. Nurs Clin North Am. 2003;38:403-417.

Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, et al. Interpreting the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain. 2008;9:105-121.

Hawker GA, Mian S, Kendzerska T, French M. Measures of adult pain: Visual Analog Scale for Pain (VAS Pain), Numeric Rating Scale for Pain (NRS Pain), McGill Pain Questionnaire (MPQ), Short-Form McGill Pain Questionnaire (SF-MPQ), Chronic Pain Grade Scale (CPGS), Short Form-36 Bodily Pain Scale (SF-36 BPS), and Measure of Intermittent and Constant Osteoarthritis Pain (ICOAP). Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken). 2011;63:S240-S252.

The Revised Oswestry Low Back Pain Questionnaire. Available at: http://gsa.buffalo.edu/DPT/ROQ.pdf Accessed January 12, 2012.

Panel 2: Mission: Evaluate
Laerum E, Indahl A, Skouen J. What is “the good back consultation?” A combined qualitative and quantitative study of chronic low back pain patients’ interaction with and perceptions of consultations with specialists. J Rehabil Med. 2006;38:255-262.

Stewart MA. Effective physician-patient communication and health outcomes: a review. CMAJ. 1995;152:1423-1433.

Panel 3: Mission: Communicate
Beckman HB, Markakis KM, Suchman AL, Frankel RM. The doctor-patient relationship and malpractice. Lessons from plaintiff depositions. Arch Intern Med. 1994;154:1365-1370.

Di Blasi Z, Harkness E, Ernst E, Georgiou A, Kleijnen J. Influence of context effects on health outcomes: a systematic review. Lancet.2001;357:757-762.

Laerum E, Indahl A, Skouen J. What is “the good back consultation?” A combined qualitative and quantitative study of chronic low back pain patients’ interaction with and perceptions of consultations with specialists. J Rehabil Med. 2006;38:255-262.

Napeñas JJ, Nussbaum ML, Eghtessad M, Zakrzewska JM. Patients’ satisfaction after a comprehensive assessment for complex chronic facial pain at a specialized unit: results from a prospective audit. Br Dent J. 2011;211:E24.doi: 10.1038/sj.bdj.2011.1054.

Stewart MA. Effective physician-patient communication and health outcomes: a review. CMAJ. 1995;152:1423-1433.

Turk DC, Dworkin RH, Revicki D, et al. Identifying important outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials: An IMMPACT survey of people with pain. Pain. 2008;137:276-285.

Panel 4: Mission: Focus
Caudill, MA. Managing Pain Before It Manages You. 3rd edition. New York: Guilford Press; 2009.

Fullen BM, Doody C, David Baxter G, Daly LE, Hurley DA. Chronic low back pain: non-clinical factors impacting on management by Irish doctors. Ir J Med Sci. 2008;177:257-263.

Laerum E, Indahl A, Skouen J. What is “the good back consultation?” A combined qualitative and quantitative study of chronic low back pain patients’ interaction with and perceptions of consultations with specialists. J Rehabil Med. 2006;38:255-262.

Panel 5: Mission: Encourage
Laerum E, Indahl A, Skouen J. What is “the good back consultation?” A combined qualitative and quantitative study of chronic low back pain patients’ interaction with and perceptions of consultations with specialists. J Rehabil Med. 2006;38:255-262.

McCracken LM, Vowles KE, Eccleston C. Acceptance of chronic pain: component analysis and a revised assessment method. Pain. 2004;107:159-166.

Panel 6: Mission: Persevere
Gourlay DL, Heit HA, Almahrezi A. Universal precautions in pain medicine: a rational approach to the treatment of chronic pain. Pain Med. 2005;6:107-112.

Lin CT, Albertson GA, Schilling LM, et al. Is patients’ perception of time spent with the physician a determinant of ambulatory patient satisfaction? Arch Intern Med. 2001;161:1437-1442.

Monheit B. Prescription drug misuse. Aust Fa Physician. 2010;39(8):540-546.

Program References:

References from the Pain Paradox at Painweek (2010)

American Society of Addiction Medicine. Federal regulations for prescribing controlled substances. 2009. Available at: http://www.asam.org/pdf/Publications/Federal%20Regulations%20ASAM-10-06-09(1).ppt. Accessed March 24, 2010.

Heit HA. Addiction, physical dependence, and tolerance: precise definitions to help clinicians evaluate and treat chronic pain patients. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2003;17:15-29

Heit HA, Gourlay DL. Urine drug testing in pain medicine. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2004;27:260-267.

Heit HA. The truth about pain management: the difference between a pain patient and an addicted patient. Eur J Pain. 2001;5(Suppl A):S27-S29.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA, Almahrezi A. Universal precautions in pain medicine: a rational approach to the treatment of chronic pain. Pain Med. 2005;6:107-112.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA. Universal Precautions Revisited: Managing the Inherited Pain Patient. Pain Medicine. 2009;10(S2):S115-S123.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA. Pain and addiction: managing risk through comprehensive care. J Addict Dis. 2008;27:23-30.

Gilson AM, Joranson DE. US policies relevant to the prescribing of opioid analgesics for the treatment of pain in patients with addictive disease. Clin J Pain. 2002;18(Suppl):S91-S98.

Katz WA. Opioids for nonmalignant pain. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008;34:387-413.

Manchikanti L, Manchukonda R, Pampati V, Damron KS. Evaluation of abuse of prescription and illicit drugs in chronic pain patients receiving short-acting (hydrocodone) or long-acting (methadone) opioids. Pain Physician. 2005;8:257-261.

McCarberg B, Stanos S. Key patient assessment tools and treatment strategies for pain management. Pain Pract. 2008;8:423-432.

Pain & Policy Studies Group. Achieving Balance in State Pain Policy: A Progress Report Card. 3rd ed. 2007.

PainKnowledge.org. Opioid analgesia tool kit. 2010. Available at: http://www.painknowledge.org/physiciantools/opioid_toolkit/components/Exit_Strategy.pdf. Accessed March 24, 2010.

Passik SD, Kirsh KL, Casper D. Addiction-related assessment tools and pain management: Instruments for screening, treatment planning, and monitoring compliance. Pain medicine, 2008; 9(S2):S145-S166.

Weissman DE, Haddox JD. Opioid pseudoaddiction-an iatrogenic syndrome. Pain. 1989;36:363-36.

Wilson JF. Strategies to stop abuse of prescribed opioid drugs. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:897-900.

Program References:

References from the Pain Paradox at APS (2010)

American Society of Addiction Medicine. Federal regulations for prescribing controlled substances. 2009. Available at: http://www.asam.org/pdf/Publications/Federal%20Regulations%20ASAM-10-06-09(1).ppt. Accessed March 24, 2010.

Heit HA. Addiction, physical dependence, and tolerance: precise definitions to help clinicians evaluate and treat chronic pain patients. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2003;17:15-29

Heit HA, Gourlay DL. Urine drug testing in pain medicine. J Pain Symptom Manage. 2004;27:260-267.

Heit HA. The truth about pain management: the difference between a pain patient and an addicted patient. Eur J Pain. 2001;5(Suppl A):S27-S29.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA, Almahrezi A. Universal precautions in pain medicine: a rational approach to the treatment of chronic pain. Pain Med. 2005;6:107-112.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA. Universal Precautions Revisited: Managing the Inherited Pain Patient. Pain Medicine. 2009;10(S2):S115-S123.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA. Pain and addiction: managing risk through comprehensive care. J Addict Dis. 2008;27:23-30.

Gilson AM, Joranson DE. US policies relevant to the prescribing of opioid analgesics for the treatment of pain in patients with addictive disease. Clin J Pain. 2002;18(Suppl):S91-S98.

Katz WA. Opioids for nonmalignant pain. Rheum Dis Clin North Am. 2008;34:387-413.

Manchikanti L, Manchukonda R, Pampati V, Damron KS. Evaluation of abuse of prescription and illicit drugs in chronic pain patients receiving short-acting (hydrocodone) or long-acting (methadone) opioids. Pain Physician. 2005;8:257-261.

McCarberg B, Stanos S. Key patient assessment tools and treatment strategies for pain management. Pain Pract. 2008;8:423-432.

Pain & Policy Studies Group. Achieving Balance in State Pain Policy: A Progress Report Card. 3rd ed. 2007.

PainKnowledge.org. Opioid analgesia tool kit. 2010. Available at: http://www.painknowledge.org/physiciantools/opioid_toolkit/components/Exit_Strategy.pdf. Accessed March 24, 2010.

Passik SD, Kirsh KL, Casper D. Addiction-related assessment tools and pain management: Instruments for screening, treatment planning, and monitoring compliance. Pain medicine, 2008; 9(S2):S145-S166.

Weissman DE, Haddox JD. Opioid pseudoaddiction-an iatrogenic syndrome. Pain. 1989;36:363-36.

Wilson JF. Strategies to stop abuse of prescribed opioid drugs. Ann Intern Med. 2007;146:897-900.

References from the Pain Paradox at the American Academy of Pain Medicine (2010)

Heit HA. Addiction, physical dependence, and tolerance: precise definitions to help clinicians evaluate and treat chronic pain patients. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2003;17(1):15-29.

Heit HA, Gourlay DL. DSM-V and the definitions: time to get it right. Pain Med. 2009;10(5):784-786.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA. Pain and addiction: managing risk through comprehensive care. J Addictive Dis. 2008;27:23-30.

Savage SR, Covington EC, Heit HA, et al. Definitions Related to the Use of Opioids for the Treatment of Pain. A Consensus Statement from the American Academy of Pain Medicine, the American Pain Society, and the American Society of Addiction Medicine. Glenview, IL, 2001.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA, Almahrezi A. Universal precautions in pain medicine: a rational approach to the treatment of chronic pain. Pain Med. 2005;6:107-112.

Passik SD, Kirsh KL, Whitcomb LA, et al. A new tool to assess and document pain outcomes in chronic pain patients receiving opioid therapy. Clin Ther. 2004;26(4):552-61.

Fiellin DA, Reid MC, O’Connor PG. Outpatient management of patients with alcohol problems. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(10):815–827.

Gordon AS, Gourlay D. The solution: the five pillars of pain management. Poster presented at: The 7th International Conference on Pain and Chemical Dependency, June 21-24, 2007, New York, NY.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA. Universal precautions revisited: managing the inherited pain patient. Pain Med. 2009; 10(S2):S115-S123.

Webster LR, Webster RM. Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the opioid risk tool. Pain Med. 2005;6(6):432-42.

Heit HA, Gourlay DL. The treatment of chronic pain in patients with history of substance abuse. In: Fishman SM, Ballantyne JC, Rathmell JP, (eds). Bonica’s Management of Pain. 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. In Press

Conversation with Paul Arnstein, PhD, RN, FNP-C, on how a 3-hour class for patients on long-term opioid therapy improved compliance and reduced confusion. Topics in Pain Management. 2008;23:7-10.

Heit HA, Gourlay DL. The treatment of chronic pain in patients with history of substance abuse. In: Fishman SM, Ballantyne JC, Rathmell JP, (eds). Bonica’s Management of Pain. 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. Chapter 59. 2010:846-854.

Heit HA. Creating and implementing opioid agreements. Dis Manag Digest. 2003;7(1):2-3.
Gourlay DL, Heit HA. The art and science of urine drug testing. Clin J Pain. In Press.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA, Caplan YH. Urine Drug Testing in Clinical Practice: Dispelling the Myths and Designing Strategies. 3rd ed. Stamford, CT: PharmaCom Group; 2006.

Heit HA, Gourlay DL. Urine drug testing in pain medicine. J Pain Symptom Management. 2004;27:260-267.

Heit HA, Gilson AM. Federal regulations for prescribing a scheduled controlled substance. [American Society of Addiction Medicine website] Available at: http://www.asam.org/Pain.html. Accessed August 12, 2009.

Purpose of issue of prescription. 70 Federal Register 36343 (2005). Codified at 21 CFR Sec. 1306.04.

Manner of issuance of prescriptions. 70 Federal Register 36343 (2005). Codified at 21 CFR Sec. 1306.05.

Administering or dispensing of narcotic drugs. 70 Federal Register 36344 (2005). Codified at 21 CFR Sec. 1306.07.

Requirement of prescription. 68 Federal Register 37410 (2003). Codified at 21 CFR Sec. 1306.11.

References from the Pain Paradox at PainWeek (2009)

Heit HA. Addiction, physical dependence, and tolerance: precise definitions to help clinicians evaluate and treat chronic pain patients. J Pain Palliat Care Pharmacother. 2003;17(1):15-29.

Heit HA, Gourlay DL. DSM-V and the definitions: time to get it right. Pain Med. 2009;10(5):784-786.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA. Pain and addiction: managing risk through comprehensive care. J Addictive Dis. 2008;27:23-30.

Savage SR, Covington EC, Heit HA, et al. Definitions Related to the Use of Opioids for the Treatment of Pain. A Consensus Statement from the American Academy of Pain Medicine, the American Pain Society, and the American Society of Addiction Medicine. Glenview, IL, 2001.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA, Almahrezi A. Universal precautions in pain medicine: a rational approach to the treatment of chronic pain. Pain Med. 2005;6:107-112.

Passik SD, Kirsh KL, Whitcomb LA, et al. A new tool to assess and document pain outcomes in chronic pain patients receiving opioid therapy. Clin Ther. 2004;26(4):552-61.

Fiellin DA, Reid MC, O’Connor PG. Outpatient management of patients with alcohol problems. Ann Intern Med. 2000;133(10):815–827.

Gordon AS, Gourlay D. The solution: the five pillars of pain management. Poster presented at: The 7th International Conference on Pain and Chemical Dependency, June 21-24, 2007, New York, NY.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA. Universal precautions revisited: managing the inherited pain patient. Pain Med. 2009; 10(S2): S115-S123.

Webster LR, Webster RM. Predicting aberrant behaviors in opioid-treated patients: preliminary validation of the opioid risk tool. Pain Med. 2005;6(6):432-42.

Heit HA, Gourlay DL. The treatment of chronic pain in patients with history of substance abuse. In: Fishman SM, Ballantyne JC, Rathmell JP, (eds). Bonica’s Management of Pain. 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. In Press

Conversation with Paul Arnstein, PhD, RN, FNP-C, on how a 3-hour class for patients on long-term opioid therapy improved compliance and reduced confusion. Topics in Pain Management. 2008;23:7-10.

Heit HA, Gourlay DL. The treatment of chronic pain in patients with history of substance abuse. In: Fishman SM, Ballantyne JC, Rathmell JP, (eds). Bonica’s Management of Pain. 4th ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. In Press.

Heit HA. Creating and implementing opioid agreements. Dis Manag Digest. 2003;7(1):2-3.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA. The art and science of urine drug testing. Clin J Pain. In Press.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA, Caplan YH. Urine Drug Testing in Clinical Practice: Dispelling the Myths and Designing Strategies. 3rd ed. Stamford, CT: PharmaCom Group; 2006.

Heit HA, Gourlay DL. Urine drug testing in pain medicine. J Pain Symptom Management. 2004;27:260-267.

Heit HA, Gilson AM. Federal regulations for prescribing a scheduled controlled substance. [American Society of Addiction Medicine website] Available at: http://www.asam.org/Pain.html. Accessed August 12, 2009.

Purpose of issue of prescription. 70 Federal Register 36343 (2005). Codified at 21 CFR Sec. 1306.04.

Manner of issuance of prescriptions. 70 Federal Register 36343 (2005). Codified at 21 CFR Sec. 1306.05.

Administering or dispensing of narcotic drugs. 70 Federal Register 36344 (2005). Codified at 21 CFR Sec. 1306.07.

Requirement of prescription. 68 Federal Register 37410 (2003). Codified at 21 CFR Sec. 1306.11.

References from the Pain Paradox at APS (2009)

Conversation: Paul Arnstein, PhD, RN, FNP-C, on How a 3-Hour Class for Patients on Long-Term Opioid Therapy Improved Compliance and Reduced Confusion. Topics in Pain Management. 2008;23:7-10.

Definitions Related to the Use of Opioids for the Treatment of Pain. American Academy of Pain Medicine, the American Pain Society, and the American Society of Addition Medicine. WMJ 2001;100(5):28-9

Gordon AS, Gourlay D. The solution: the five pillars of pain management. Poster at: The 7th International Conference on Pain and Chemical Dependency, June 21-24, 2007, New York, NY.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA, Almahrezi A, et al. Universal precautions in pain medicine: A rational approach to the treatment of chronic pain. Pain Med. 2005;6:107-112.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA. The art and science of urine drug testing. Clin J Pain. Accepted for publication.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA. Pain and addiction: Managing risk through comprehensive care. J Addictive Dis 2008;27:23-30.

Gourlay DL, Heit HA, Caplan YH. Urine Drug Testing in Clinical Practice: Dispelling the Myths and Designing Strategies, Edition 3, 2006.

Heit HA, Gourlay DL. The Treatment of Chronic Pain in Patients with History of Substance Abuse. In: Bonica’s Management of Pain. 4th ed. Ballantyne JC, Fishman SM, Rathmell JP, (eds.). Lippincott Williams and Wilkens. In Press.

Heit HA, Gilson AM. Federal regulations for prescribing scheduled controlled substances. American Society of Addiction Medicinewebsite. Available at: http://www.asam.org/Pain/html.
Heit HA, Gourlay DL. Unrine drug testing in pain medicine. J Pain Symptom Management.2004;27:260-279.

Passik SD, Kirsh KL, Whitcomb LA, et al. A new tool to assess and document pain outcomes in chronic pain patients receiving opioid therapy. Clin Ther 2004;26(4):552-61.